Suppressing the self-discharge of high-frequency supercapacitors using electrolytes containing BaTiO3 nanoparticles

Advanced Materials

Triboelectric nanogenerators offer an environmentally friendly approach to harvesting energy from mechanical excitations. This capability has made them widely sought‐after as an efficient, renewable, and sustainable energy source, with the potential to decrease reliance on traditional fossil fuels. However, developing triboelectric nanogenerators with specific output remains a challenge mainly due to the uncertainties associated with their complex designs for real‐life applications. Artificial intelligence‐enabled inverse design is a powerful tool to realize performance‐oriented triboelectric nanogenerators. This is an emerging scientific direction that can address the concerns about the design and optimization of triboelectric nanogenerators leading to a next generation nanogenerator systems. This perspective paper aims at reviewing the principal analysis of triboelectricity, summarizing the current challenges of …

Advanced Materials Technologies

Although natural evaporation absorbs substantial thermal energy from the ambient environment, efficiently utilizing this high‐entropy energy remains challenging. Here, the first water evaporation‐induced triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed. It only uses tap water to harvest low‐grade heat energy from the surroundings to convert it into electricity. The natural evaporation of the liquid can generate unintermittent electricity with an open‐circuit voltage of 382 V, a peak power of 0.42 mW, and three orders of magnitude enhancement up to 59.7 mJ mL−1 after consuming the same amount of tap water compared with the droplet‐based electricity generators. After which, the excellent power output lights 2 W LED and drives wearable electronic devices. This device also inhibits carbon steel materials' corrosion in solutions through the evaporation effect of the salt water on the spot. The present study provides novel …

Nano Energy

Tactile perception systems as the medium between the ambient environment and robotics lie in the heart of modern artificial intelligence. By providing different electronic readouts under various circumstances, they can give easily captured information for post-processing. However, for applications of most reported tactile perception systems, external location assistances are still needed. Here, as inspired by the platypus’ sixth sense, we developed a new kind of tactile perception system based on triboelectric sensors with the additional function from quantum rods. This terminal can be used as a single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator for both location detection and vertical force sensing with high sensitivity and fast response. Moreover, by adding CdSe/CdS quantum rods into an imprinted polydimethylsiloxane film, different lateral stretching levels can be perceived by a modified luminescence. Supported …

Energy & Environmental Science

Controlling the motion of charge carriers in semiconductor materials is a fundamental strategy for achieving many functional devices, which is typically achieved by applying an external voltage source. Herein, using the electrostatic potential generated by a triboelectric material taken as a sliding “gate”, a functional current is generated across a semiconductor channel when the gate is moving in parallel to the dielectric surface. Systematic studies verify that the motion of the electrified “gate” induces the regional and dynamical doping of the semiconductor channel, thereby driving the carrier transport without applying an external voltage. This sliding-gated generator achieves mechanoelectric energy conversion based on the coupled triboelectrification effect and electrostatic field effect and is therefore termed as a field effect nanogenerator (FENG). It can output electrical currents with a waveform that follows well with …

Advanced Materials Technologies

Wearable and implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert mechanical energy to electricity in the daily movements of the human body. Self‐generated dynamic electric field or displacement current of TENGs can operate from micrometers to centimeters, which offers a key technology for TENG‐based therapy systems for precision medicine on both tissues and cells. TENGs have low‐current and high‐voltage properties, which reduce damage to normal tissues, and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. In this work, the dynamic electric field from TENG directly inhibits the cellular proliferation behavior of cancer cells. The work paves a new way for the self‐generated electric field of TENG for cancer therapy.

Journal of Power Sources

High-frequency supercapacitors (HF–SCs) are promising electric energy storage devices and alternating current line filters. However, severe self-discharge of HF–SCs causes significant energy loss and limits their applications. Current self-discharge suppression methods for supercapacitors typically lead to decreased rate performance and hence cannot be applied to HF–SCs directly. In this work, barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles are employed as an electrolyte additive for HF–SCs to reduce self-discharge. By adding BTO nanoparticles into the electrolyte, both leakage current and decay of open circuit voltage of the devices are reduced without sacrificing the specific capacitance and high-frequency response. At a charging voltage of 2 V, the leakage current is reduced by 49 % (3.91 vs. 1.98 μA), while the time for the voltage to drop from 2.0 to 1.0 V is extended by 4.5 times (2300 vs. 10240 sec). When the HF …

Small

Shelter forests (or shelter‐belts), while crucial for climate regulation, lack monitoring systems, e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) devices, but their abundant wind energy can potentially power these devices using the trees as mounting points. To harness wind energy, an omnidirectional fluid‐induced vibration triboelectric nanogenerator (OFIV‐TENG) has been developed. The device is installed on shelter forest trees to harvest wind energy from all directions, employing a fluid‐induced vibration (FIV) mechanism (fluid‐responding structure) that can capture and use wind energy, ranging from low wind speeds (vortex vibration) to high wind speeds (galloping). The rolling‐bead triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can efficiently harvest energy while minimizing wear and tear. Additionally, the usage of double electrodes results in an effective surface charge density of 21.4 µC m−2, which is the highest among all reported …

Advanced Materials

Recently, perovskite photodetectors (PDs) have been risen to prominence due to substantial research interest. Beyond merely tweaking the composition of materials, a cutting‐edge advancement lies in leveraging the innate piezoelectric polarization properties of perovskites themselves. Here, the investigation shows utilizing Ti3C2Tx, a typical MXene, as an intermediate layer for significantly boosting the piezoelectric property of MAPbI3 thin films. This improvement is primarily attributed to the enhanced polarization of the methylammonium (MA+) groups within MAPbI3, induced by the OH groups present in Ti3C2Tx. A flexible PD based on the MAPbI3/MXene heterostructure was then fabricated. The new device is sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths, displays greatly enhanced performances owing to the piezo‐phototronic coupling. Moreover, the device is endowed with a greatly reduced response time, down …

Energy & Environmental Science

Establishing maintenance-free wireless sensor networks for online monitoring of power transmission lines is crucial for realizing smart grids, exhibiting necessitating energy harvesters with compact volume, excellent robustness, and efficient, well-regulated output. This study introduces a hybrid magnetic energy harvester (HMEH), seamlessly integrating a magneto-mechanical energy conversion module, a non-contact rotational triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) module, and an electro-magnetic generator (EMG) module for magnetic energy harvesting and self-powered sensing in power transmission lines. The HMEH converts magnetic energy into synchronized mechanical rotation using the magnetic phase difference principle and smoothly transforms it into a regulated electrical energy output. With a compact size of 5 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm and a light weight of 56 g, the HMEH showcases unprecedented volume and …

Small

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a promising solution to harvest the low‐frequency, low‐actuation‐force, and high‐entropy droplet energy. Conventional attempts mainly focus on maximizing electrostatic energy harvest on the liquid‐solid surface, but enormous kinetic energy of droplet hitting the substrate is directly dissipated, limiting the output performance. Here, a dual‐mode TENG (DM‐TENG) is proposed to efficiently harvest both electrostatic energy at liquid‐solid surface from a droplet TENG (D‐TENG) and elastic potential energy of the vibrated cantilever from a contact‐separation TENG (CS‐TENG). Triggered by small droplets, the flexible cantilever beam, rather than conventional stiff ones, can easily vibrate multiple times with large amplitude, enabling frequency multiplication of CS‐TENG and producing amplified output charges. Combining with the top electrode design to sufficiently utilize charges at …

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

The global annual vegetable and fruit waste accounts for more than one-fifth of food waste, mainly due to deterioration. In addition, agricultural product spoilage can produce foodborne illnesses and threaten public health. Eco-friendly preservation technologies for extending the shelf life of agricultural products are of great significance to socio-economic development. Here, we report a dual-functional TENG (DF-TENG) that can simultaneously prolong the storage period of vegetables and realize wireless storage condition monitoring by harvesting the rotational energy. Under the illumination of the self-powered high-voltage electric field, the deterioration of vegetables can be effectively slowed down. It can not only decrease the respiration rate and weight loss of pakchoi but also increase the chlorophyll levels (∼33.1%) and superoxide dismutase activity (∼11.1%) after preservation for 4 days. Meanwhile, by …

Nature Communications

Harvesting biomechanical energy from cardiac motion is an attractive power source for implantable bioelectronic devices. Here, we report a battery-free, transcatheter, self-powered intracardiac pacemaker based on the coupled effect of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction for the treatment of arrhythmia in large animal models. We show that the capsule-shaped device (1.75 g, 1.52 cc) can be integrated with a delivery catheter for implanting in the right ventricle of a swine through the intravenous route, which effectively converts cardiac motion energy to electricity and maintains endocardial pacing function during the three-week follow-up period. We measure in vivo open circuit voltage and short circuit current of the self-powered intracardiac pacemaker of about 6.0 V and 0.2 μA, respectively. This approach exhibits up-to-date progress in self-powered medical devices and it may overcome the inherent …

Advanced Materials

Although dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are promising artificial muscles for use as visual prostheses in patients with oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP), high driving voltage coupled with vulnerable compliant electrodes limits their safe long‐term service. Herein, a self‐healable polydimethylsiloxane compliant electrode based on reversible imine bonds and hydrogen bonds is prepared and coated on an acrylic ester film to develop a self‐healable DEA (SDEA), followed by actuation with a high‐output triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to construct a self‐powered DEA (TENG‐SDEA). Under 135.9 kV mm−1, the SDEA exhibits an elevated actuated strain of 50.6%, comparable to the actuation under DC power. Moreover, the mechanically damaged TENG‐SDEA displays a self‐healing efficiency of over 90% for 10 cycles. The TENG ensures the safe using of TENG‐SDEAs and an extraocular‐muscle‐like actuator …

Chemical Engineering Journal

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an important role in the field of clean energy as energy conversion and storage devices respectively. It is vital to fabricate efficient transport between TENGs and LIBs for promoting the development in combined energy systems. This work constructs an efficient energy transport system between the contact-energy contact-separation TENG (CCS-TENG) and the LIB by introducing power management based on a short-circuit contact in-situ. Such synergy system satisfies the needs of improving the efficient connection between TENGs and LIBs, durability and miniaturization of energy unit. The short-circuit contact in-situ guarantees the maximum energy output of CSS-TENG in every contact-separation cycle and the energy density is as high as 131.1 mJ m−2 cycle−1, although the electrode of CCS-TENG is only 10 cm2. Moreover, the TENG cycle …

Advanced Functional Materials

The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is on the rise across various industries. In such a scenario, the issue of flight safety for these UAVs becomes increasingly paramount. Currently, UAVs exhibit shortcomings in flight attitude perception compared to more mature manned aircraft, especially concerning the position sensing of flight actuation, which poses significant safety risks. Mature position monitoring solutions for flight actuation used in manned aircraft cannot be directly integrated into systems of UAV due to compatibility issues. This necessitates the development of new position sensing technologies to address this challenge. Triboelectric nanogenerators, with their advantages of miniaturization, self‐powering capabilities, and the ability to generate voltage‐level electrical signals, are chosen to form a part of the position detection system for sensors in UAVs. In this study, a self‐powered …

As one of the few self-powered instruments and devices, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been developed for more than 10 years since its invention in 2012. With wide material selections and diverse design structures, and without having to use an external power supply, TENG has been applied in many key technologies. By the end of 2022, more than 16,000 researchers from 83 countries and regions around the world have authored scientific papers in TENG. In this review, we start from the theoretical principles and working mechanisms of TENG, and discuss its 5 major fields of application, namely, as self-powered sensors, high-voltage energy devices, blue energy devices, micro/nano-energy devices, and solid–liquid interface probes. Next, we review the breakthrough progress made using TENG as commercial products in the following fields: medical health, intelligent security, and marine energy …

Nano Energy

While triboelectric nanogenerated knitted fabrics are regarded as a state-of-the-art and reliable energy source for wearable electronics, there are two bottlenecks in their widespread applications: few mass-manufacturing strategies and low power output. Here, by mature weft-knitted technologies, a 3D single-faced jacquard pile fabric TENG (SJPF-TENG) with the merits of high surface pile density, excellent comfort and breathability, good thermal insulation property, and superior durability, is mass-produced. Based on the high-density pile structure (about 16128 piles per cm2), the surface area of pile fabrics is 42.2 times that of the plain structure, which endows the SJPF-TENG with higher electrical outputs and good detection precision. With a peak power density of 1.4 W m−2 (dozens of times that of conventional textile-based TENGs), the SJPF-TENG is capable of lighting up 1392 light-emitting diodes, powering …

IEEE Sensors Journal

Accurate rainfall monitoring carries significant importance across meteorological and hydrological domains. However, existing sensors face numerous challenges, including issues related to accuracy, stability, and limited measurement range, particularly during heavy rain events. Here, an innovative droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerator (D-TENG) rain gauge is proposed to overcome the above challenges. It incorporates a saddle-shaped rainfall bearing plate designed to channel rainwater for regular dripping onto the D-TENG, thereby generating electrical signals for droplet enumeration. The feasibility of the D-TENG rain gauge is substantiated through the analyses of the stability of the electrical signal (short-circuit current) and droplet weight. Experimental results illustrate the effective measurement range of the D-TENG rain gauge as 0-243.1 mm/h, with the relative error in calculated rainfall intensity within ±4 …

Nano Energy

Multi-direction, irregularity, low-grade, the dynamic characteristics of low-grade airflow energy are prominent that making it difficult to collect. Here, we propose a vibration-coupled triboelectric nanogenerator (VC-TENG) induced by vortex to achieve from weak to ultra-strong vibration, thus effectively converting low-grade airflow energy into vibrational mechanical energy, and then electric energy. The transferred charge and short-circuit current increases is 47 and 26.9 times due to designed vortex structure, and the resonant response time is 2 s at a speed of 4.1 m/s. A VC-TENG unit delivers a peak power of 4.5 mW under a load resistance of 500 MΩ. A grouping of applied demonstrations of self-powered system validates the practicality and durability of VC-TENG. This work offers a practical strategy for harvesting low-grade airflow energy, and is a promising distributed power technologies for self-powered monitoring …

Journal of Power Sources

The ETL/perovskite interface is crucial for the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of its key role in electrons transport and charge recombination. Herein, an ultrathin CaTiO3 layer has facilely been fabricated and incorporated between the mp-TiO2 and perovskite layers. Due to the trap passivation effect and the optimized energy level alignment induced by modification, the electron transport is facilitated while the charge recombination is suppressed effectively. Therefore, the champion device gains a maximum PCE of 19.12% with the enhanced photovoltaic performance. In addition, the stability of PSCs has also been ameliorated by modification, and about 85% of the initial efficiency can be maintained even after exposure in ambient for 1000h.

Journal of Power Sources

In this work, we propose hydroxyapatite (HA) as a hard template to unlock the porosity of Fe–N–C catalyst materials. Using HA, a naturally occurring mineral that can be removed with nitric acid, in the synthesis generates a catalyst material with a unique porous network comprising abundant pores and interparticle cavities ranging from 10 to 3000 nm. Hard templating with HA alongside ZnCl2 as a micropore former results in a Fe–N–C catalyst based on naturally abundant peat with excellent oxygen reduction activity in alkaline conditions. A half-wave potential of 0.87 V vs RHE and a peak power density of 1.06 W cm−2 were achieved in rotating ring disk electrode and anion exchange membrane fuel cell experiments, respectively, rivaling the performance of other state-of-the-art platinum-free catalysts presented in the literature. A combined approach of using renewable peat as a carbon source and HA as a hard …

Journal of Power Sources

Increasing the polarity of molecular chains is the key to achieving high energy density in polymers. However, the polarization capability of polymers is not merely an accumulation of monomer dielectric properties. A pressing need arises for a universal design concept to guide the development of all-organic dielectric films, extending from monomer molecular structure to the polymer cross-linking network. In this research, we have developed a flexible dielectric film with a high energy density. The reduction of rotational space hindrance for polar functional groups ensures the polymer's heightened polarity. Additionally, the staggered arrangement of ester groups and benzene rings, combined with cross-linking constraints, alleviates the decrease in insulation performance caused by the planar conjugation of benzene rings. Significantly, the adjustment of the cross-linking network effectively mitigates the high conduction …

Journal of Power Sources

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) hold tremendous promise as next-generation energy storage devices due to their remarkable energy densities. Nevertheless, uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites resulting from nonuniform deposition and significant volume expansion hinders the commercial application of ASSLMBs. Herein, we designed an AgPF6 modified lithium composite anode to stabilize the interface between the lithium metal anode and Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5 electrolytes. The optimal AgPF6 modified lithium composite accelerates Li diffusion within bulk lithium anode and facilitates the uniform deposition for lithium metal during the electrochemical process due to the generation of LiF-interface and Li–Ag alloy, which restricts the accumulation of inactive lithium. The enhanced compatibility between Li metal and sulfide electrolyte have been confirmed in both symmetric cells and ASSLMBs. The …

Journal of Power Sources

Localized degradation and faults of lithium-ion batteries critically affect their lifespan and safety. Magnetic field distribution of batteries is effective for non-destructive detection, yet their broader application is hindered by limited data availability. In this study, A novel three-dimensional electrochemical-magnetic field model is proposed to address this critical issue through the magnetic field characteristics of batteries. The model comprehensively investigates the distinctive magnetic field distribution associated with various anomalies, including tab fractures, current collector fractures, internal short circuit (ISC), electrolyte drying-out, and electrode materials deactivation. In this way, the relative magnetic field changes and the magnetic field gradient distribution of different degradation patterns and faults can be extracted for non-destructive detection of subtle localized anomalies. The method offers solutions for classifying …

Journal of Power Sources

Aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs) are spotlighted as next-generation energy storage devices; however, the carbon cathodes usually dictate their performance. Herein, we aim to optimize the electrochemical performance of the carbon cathodes through particle morphology control along with porosity and surface-active site control. N-doped spherical mesocelluler carbon foam (S-MCF-N) is synthesized using a mesoporous silica template, and spherical mesocelluler carbon foam (S-MCF) and irregularly shaped mesocellular carbon foam (MSUF-C) are synthesized as control samples. Consequently, S-MCF-N shows the best ion storage capability with its large surface area, with active sites that cause redox reactions and high electrical conductivity. In particular, the spherical morphology of S-MCF-N achieves a higher tap density and can reduce the electrode thickness, which decreases the diffusion …

Journal of Power Sources

The optimal design and durable utilization of lithium-ion batteries necessitates an objective modeling approach to understand fracture and failure mechanisms. This paper presents a comprehensive chemo-mechanical modeling study focused on elucidating fracture-induced damage and degradation phenomena in the polycrystalline Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC532) cathode. An innovative approach that utilizes image-based reconstructed 3D geometry as finite element (FE) mesh input is employed to enhance the precision in capturing the convoluted architecture and morphological features. For accurately representing the intricate crack configurations within the polycrystalline system, we adopted the cohesive phase-field fracture (CPF) model. Through the integration of advanced image-based geometry reconstruction technique and the promising CPF modeling approach, lithium (de) intercalation induced …

Journal of Power Sources

Gel electrolyte (GE) gains intensive attentions for lithium metal battery, especially those targeting to use at low temperatures. The liquid medium, as the core component, of most gel electrolytes (GEs) is organic liquid or ionic liquid, always suffering from serious safety issue and low transference number (t+). The low t + aggravates concentration polarization and thus leads to the increase of overpotential and undesirable side reactions. Herein, zwitterionic liquid (ZIL) with high stability and safety is prepared by mixing zwitterion (ZI) and lithium salt. The ZIL is then encapsulated into a SiO2 matrix to fabricate novel gel electrolyte (SiGE-ZIL). The low freezing point and strong mobility of ZIL confer SiGE-ZIL a high conductivity of 3.36 × 10−4 S cm−1 at −40 °C. Importantly, the large dipole moment of ZI effectively accelerates the dissociation of lithium salt, permitting a high t+ of 0.553 at −40 °C, which is 2.3 times of that of the …

Journal of Power Sources

With a growing interest on inorganic ceramics based solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries, there is a need to maximise their density to optimise electrochemical performance and fuel impermeability. In this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) combined with effective medium theory to quantify the porosity or density of sodium superionic conductor (NaSICON)-based solid-state electrolyte (SSEs) pellets prepared at densities in the range of 2.2–2.9 g cm−3, corresponding to 50–90 % relative densities sintered at 900–1150 °C. The results of which, have been validated against complementary Archimedes analysis and mercury porosimetry highlighting the potential of THz-TDS for rapid, contactless, non-destructive electrolyte characterisation.

Journal of Power Sources

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) are widely used energy storage devices for powering portable electronics, electric transportation, and the grid. In this work, the co-precipitation method synthesizes nickel antimony oxide (NiSb2O6; NSO), a relatively new material for LIB anode. The structure of this material is a tri-rutile phase, wherein the lithium (Li) ions are stored via a conversion-type mechanism. The nickel antimony oxide-carbon black (NSO-CB) electrodes are fabricated using electrophoretic deposition. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the structural breakdown of NSO into nickel oxide (NiO) and antimony pentaoxide (Sb2O5) after the first discharge. In the voltage range 0.01–2.5V vs. Li+/Li, a stable reversible capacity of 574 mAhg−1 is obtained at a specific current of 0.5Ag-1 after 100 cycles. At a high specific current of 5Ag-1, these electrodes deliver a specific capacity of 370 mAhg−1, equivalent to graphite's …

Journal of Power Sources

Because the mass of lithium-air battery (LAB) changes due to oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER), weighing of the battery is an indispensable method for determining its actual energy density and analyzing the battery reactions. To this end, we have newly developed a weight monitoring system which can trace the semi-permanent weight change of air-batteries (∼11 g including a holder) with a precision of 7.87 μg. The system reveals the weight decrease of LAB in each cycle before finally losing its capacity. The in-situ weighing during battery operation also provides first-hand evidence of double layer capacitance and electrolyte evaporation of LABs. Specifically, the e−/O2 ratio during discharge is determined to be 1.954 ± 0.004 based on the weight increase of an LAB cell using tetraethylene glycol-based electrolyte at a current density of 100 μA cm−2, confirming the slightly lower e−/O2 ratio than the …

Journal of Power Sources

Bi2Se3 has shown potential for implementation as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), however, the significant volume expansion and dissolution of selenium pose major challenges. In this work, Bi2Se3 nanostructures are synthesized by physical vapor deposition directly on top of a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) network to fabricate a binder-free Bi2Se3@SWCNT anode materials with different Bi2Se3/SWCNT ratios. Nanostructuring the Bi2Se3 directly on the top of the SWCNT network provides a large accessible contact area and improves mechanical and electrical contact. The heterostructures exhibit capacity, that is beyond the theoretical of pristine Bi2Se3, which can be attributed to the binding of the Se to C, resulting in the resilience against the dissolution of Se, while providing additional electron transport pathways and increased capacitive contribution. A Bi2Se3@SWCNT anode with a …

Journal of Power Sources

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising technique for the diagnostic of lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, its onboard application is still challenging considering the limitation of in-vehicle environment. Motivated by this, this paper proposes an equivalent sampling-enabled module-level battery impedance measurement method, which shows a strong fidelity for lithium plating diagnostic. A module-level perturbation topology is designed allowing for the generation of high-precision perturbation current with reasonable space occupation. A simplified equivalent sampling method is exploited for the first time with the proposed topology, enabling the EIS sampling with low hardware cost and full compatibility with the commercially-ready battery monitoring chips. With the proposed prototype, an EIS feature-based nondestructive method is further proposed for the in-situ lithium plating diagnostic of LIB …

Journal of Power Sources

Although the loss of Li inventory (LLI) is a common aging mechanism in Li-ion batteries, there are only few methods capable of comprehensive depth profiling within the bulk of the electrode to locate the residual Li. Two post-mortem analytical methods, which can be used to obtain quantified Li depth profiles to depths greater than 10 μm from the electrode surface are neutron depth profiling (NDP) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES). In this work, the validation of GD-OES using NDP by examining the Si/graphite anodes of cylindrical 21,700 cells is presented. One anode was in a pristine/fresh state, two anodes were aged to the state of health (SOH) 90% and 76% at 45 °C respectively, and suffered from heavy solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, and the fourth anode was aged to SOH 60% at 0 °C and exhibited Li plating. It is demonstrated that Li plating leads to a faster sputter rate of …

Journal of Power Sources

Developing excellent-performance cathode materials is an inevitable and challenging obstacle in the process of developing practical solid oxide fuel cells, especially in low temperature range. In this paper, we introduce barium into the premium SrCoO3-based cathodes and research its consequent effect in the oxygen reduction reaction process. It is observed that the barium dopant could expand the lattice, produce more oxygen vacancies and at some extent reduce the thermal expansion coefficient of parent perovskite, which results from the expanded free space for oxygen migration and weakened Co–O bond by Ba doping. The polarization resistances of single cells with Sr1-xBaxCo0.8Sc0.1Nb0.05Ti0.05O3-δ cathodes (x = 0, 0.2 and 0.5, defined as SCSNTi, SB0.2CSNTi and SB0.5CSNTi, correspondingly) are 0.038, 0.025 and 0.016 Ω cm2 at 600 °C, respectively, and corresponding peak power density of 0 …

Journal of Power Sources

The Internet of Things (IoT) market is a quickly growing field that has great economic potential and attracts interest from researchers. Progress in this field relies on the ability to integrate smart devices with everyday objects and instruments. Therefore, energy storage plays a critical role in powering these devices. In this context, inkjet printing of batteries can be framed as a potentially innovative fabrication technique that combines the benefits of thin-film technology for lightness, mechanical flexibility, and ease of integration. The main bottleneck to obtaining a full inkjet-printed battery is printing the current collector (CC), whose role is to electrically bridge the electrodes to an external circuit and mechanically support the electrodes. A simple ink formulation based on hydrophilic and electronically conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene has been proposed for printing current collectors in this work. We have analyzed substrate …

Journal of Power Sources

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have attract much attention from academic and industry, which can improve the catalyst activity, reduce Pt loading, enhance CO tolerance, and simplify water and heat management. High-temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) is the key component for HT-PEMFCs. Here, we provide an investigation of newly developed HT-PEM to evaluate its properties and performances in fuel cells above 90 °C. The HT-PEM exhibits an excellent proton conductivity of 136.1 mS cm−1 at 90 °C and 95% RH, and remarkable power density of 0.95 Wcm−2 at 105 °C and 80% RH. The stability and durability of HT-PEM are studied with varied testing methods. After the continuous operation at open circuit voltage (OCV) for 500 h and continuous dry-wet circulation for 20000 cycles at 90 °C, negligible change of OCV and hydrogen permeation current …

Journal of Power Sources

This paper presents the results of a study of the mechanical degradation of Li-oxide garnet solid electrolyte, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. A coupled thermo-electro-chemo-mechanical model was used to analyze stress-strain distribution and cracking phenomena within the electrolyte. A combination of in-situ/ex-situ microscopic observations, strain mapping and finite element modeling were deployed to study the progressive deformation and cracking phenomena that occur as a result of electrochemical charging and discharging, thermal runaway, and joule heating phenomenon. The results show that strains induced during discharge cycles are more significant than those induced during charging phase. The accumulation of strains during charging and discharging is also shown to result ultimately in cracking that impedes Li ion transport, while accelerated electro-chemical …

Journal of Power Sources

The optimal design and durable utilization of lithium-ion batteries necessitates an objective modeling approach to understand fracture and failure mechanisms. This paper presents a comprehensive chemo-mechanical modeling study focused on elucidating fracture-induced damage and degradation phenomena in the polycrystalline Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC532) cathode. An innovative approach that utilizes image-based reconstructed 3D geometry as finite element (FE) mesh input is employed to enhance the precision in capturing the convoluted architecture and morphological features. For accurately representing the intricate crack configurations within the polycrystalline system, we adopted the cohesive phase-field fracture (CPF) model. Through the integration of advanced image-based geometry reconstruction technique and the promising CPF modeling approach, lithium (de) intercalation induced …

Journal of Power Sources

High quality open-source battery data is in short supply and high demand. Researchers from academia and industry rely on experimental data for parameterisation and validation of battery models, but experimental data can be expensive and time consuming to acquire, and difficult to analyse without expert knowledge. Here we present a comprehensive open-source dataset for the cycle ageing of a commercially relevant lithium-ion cell (LG M50T 21700) with an NMC811 cathode and C/SiOx composite anode. 40 cells were cycled over 15 different operating conditions of temperature and state of charge, accumulating a total of around 33,000 equivalent full cycles. Analysis of the ageing behaviour includes metrics such as capacity fade, resistance increase, and degradation mode analysis. The presentation of the dataset here is complemented by a statistical analysis of the cell performance, both at beginning of life …